Phytohemagglutinin T Cell Proliferation Protocol
T cell proliferation induced by the lectin PHA requires the presence of monocytes. Here, we report that IL-6 represents part of the monocyte-derived helper activity for human T cell stimulation with PHA. Resting T cells isolated from peripheral blood or tonsils and completely depleted of accessory cells (monocytes and NK cells) did not proliferate in response to PHA alone. Ronaldo nazario pes stats. Addition of a cell-free monocyte culture supernatant (not containing IL-2) to the PHA-stimulated cultures resulted in T cell proliferation.
We identified IL-6 as an essential helper factor in these monocyte supernatants, because antisera to IL-6 (but not anti-IL-1-beta) completely neutralized the helper effect of the monocyte supernatant. Moreover, addition of purified human IL-6 (but not IL-1-beta) to T cell cultures resulted in proliferation of PHA-stimulated T cells. Although IL-1 could not restore the PHA-induced proliferative response of isolated T cells by itself, it strongly enhanced the helper effect of IL-6. In contrast to intact monocytes, IL-6 did not induce detectable IL-2 production in cultures of PHA-stimulated T cells.
Furthermore, an anti-IL-2R mAb (anti-Tac) did not block the proliferative response induced by PHA and IL-6, suggesting that an IL-2-independent pathway of T cell proliferation was involved. In conclusion our results show that human IL-6, previously identified as a B cell hybridoma growth and a B cell differentiation factor, represents part of the monocyte helper function for PHA-induced human T cell activation and proliferation.
Of PHA-L ( 1fat )IdentifiersSymbolLectinlegBclan/Available protein structures:/;;Phytohaemagglutinin ( PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a found in plants, especially certain. PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called leucoagglutinin and PHA-E. The letters E and L indicate these proteins and (red and white blood cells respectively). Phytohaemagglutinin has carbohydrate-binding specificity for a complex oligosaccharide containing, and.It is found in the highest concentrations in uncooked red and white kidney beans (also known as ), and it is also found in lower quantities in many other types of and other common beans ( ), as well as ( ) such as. It has a number of physiological effects and is used in medical research. In high doses, it is a.The lectin has a number of effects on cell metabolism; it induces, and affects the cell membrane in regard to transport and to proteins. It most mammalian types.As a toxin, it can cause poisoning in animals, such as humans, through the consumption of raw or improperly prepared kidney beans.
Measured in haemagglutinating units (hau), a raw red kidney bean may contain up to 70,000 hau. This can be reduced to safe levels by correct cooking (boiling for at least 30 minutes at 100 °C/ 212 °F).
Insufficient cooking, such as in a at 75 °C/ 167 °F, may not completely destroy the toxins.Beans also contain, but not in sufficient quantities to affect the digestion of starch after consumption of beans.Poisoning can be induced from as few as five raw beans, and symptoms occur within three hours, beginning with nausea, then vomiting, which can be severe and sustained (profuse), followed by diarrhea. Recovery occurs within four or five hours of onset, usually without the need for any medical intervention.In medicine these proteins are useful and are used as a to trigger T-lymphocyte cell division and to activate latent -1 from human peripheral. In, is a research method that uses the protein product phytohaemagglutinin PHA-L as a molecular tracer that can be taken up by the cell and transported across the synapse into the next cell thereby tracing the path of axonal projections and relative connections that nerve impulses travel beginning with the source located at the (cell body or soma) and through the presynaptic part located on 's all the way to the point of termination at the efferent synapse which then provides input to another neuron.Lymphocytes cultured with phytohaemagglutinin can be used for analysis. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin presents a classic model of transition of cells from the quiescent G0 phase of the cell cycle into G1-, and subsequently progression through S-, G2- and M- phases of the cycle.
History PHA was discovered by in the 1960s.References. Hamelryck TW, Dao-Thi MH, Poortmans F, Chrispeels MJ, Wyns L, Loris R (August 1996). 'The crystallographic structure of phytohemagglutinin-L'.
The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (34): 20479–85. (PDF).
Phytohemagglutinin T Cell Proliferation Protocol Scam
Archived from (PDF) on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-14. The world's healthiest foods. Retrieved 2007-11-05. (PDF). Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Phytohaemagglutinin. United States.
Retrieved 2013-12-27. (pdf). Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Phytohaemagglutinin. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 26 December 2013. Consumers should boil the beans for at least 30 minutes to ensure that the product reaches sufficient temperature.
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at the US National Library of Medicine (MeSH).